4/5/2024 0 Comments Predator vs prey animal pairs![]() However, the underlying evolutionary mechanisms and dynamical behaviors of prey and predator’s diversity are not well understood. Predator-prey interactions are common in natural world and both prey and predator species have showed enormous diversity in their phenotypic traits, such as body size, weight, running velocity, or arms level. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ![]() 2015JQ1011) and by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 201506285164), by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. ![]() Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: September 29, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Zu et al. The Red Queen dynamic is a possible outcome under asymmetric predator-prey interactions.Ĭitation: Zu J, Wang J, Huang G (2016) Evolutionary Diversification of Prey and Predator Species Facilitated by Asymmetric Interactions. Fourthly, if the asymmetric interactions become more stronger, then predator-prey coevolution may lead to cycles in both traits and equilibrium population densities. Thirdly, if there is a weakly accelerating cost and a relatively strongly accelerating benefit for prey species, then evolutionary branching in the prey species is possible and the finally coevolutionary outcome contains a dimorphic prey and a monomorphic predator species. Secondly, if the asymmetric interactions become a little strong, then prey and predators will evolve to an evolutionarily stable equilibrium, at which they can stably coexist on a long-term timescale of evolution. However, if there is a weakly accelerating cost and a weakly accelerating benefit for predator species, then evolutionary branching in the predator species is also possible and after branching the dimorphic predator can evolutionarily stably coexist with a monomorphic prey species. Firstly, we find that if there is a weakly decelerating cost and a weakly accelerating benefit for predator species, then evolutionary branching in the predator species may occur, but after branching further coevolution may lead to extinction of the predator species with a larger trait value. To sum up, if prey’s trade-off curve is globally weakly concave, then five outcomes of coevolution are demonstrated, which depend on the intensity and shape of asymmetric predator-prey interactions and predator’s trade-off shape. The coevolutionary model is constructed from a deterministic approximation of random mutation-selection process. We assume that the defense ability of prey and the attack ability of predators all can adaptively evolve, either caused by phenotypic plasticity or by behavioral choice, but there are certain costs in terms of their growth rate or death rate. The stakes are high in each example of predation.We investigate the influence of asymmetric interactions on coevolutionary dynamics of a predator-prey system by using the theory of adaptive dynamics. If prey fails to escape a predator, their life is over and they can no longer reproduce. If a predator fails to catch lunch, they can try again, but too many failures and they will starve. ![]() While predators are especially good at catching prey, prey organisms have also developed impressive defense techniques. Predatory animals and plants alike possess heightened senses for finding prey.Predators have evolved for the purpose of catching prey (e.g., camouflage, sharp teeth, claws).Most predators seek a range of prey and do not feed on only one type of animal.If not, they tend to attack their prey as a pack or group (e.g., lions, wolves, ants). They are usually larger than their prey.Predators are higher on the food chain than their prey.Keep reading to learn what these traits can be. However, there are a few traits that one can typically attribute to predators. Some consider any type of eating behavior that involves using another organism as predation.
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